Should Marijuana Be Legal - 864 Words

Cannabis, also known as marijuana among other names, is a preparation of the Cannabis plant intended for use as a psychoactive drug or medicine. Marijuana smoking remains the most prevalent form of illicit drug use in the United States and has even been legalized medicinally in twenty-four states. Four of these states, including Colorado and Washington, have legalized marijuana for recreational use. This means that it is treated like a controlled substance, like alcohol or tobacco, and anyone the age of twenty-one and above can walk into a public shop and buy marijuana for legal use. Who are we kidding? Marijuana will always be prevalent, legal or not. Where it is not legal, more than half of these states’ drug arrests are for weed. It is the least dangerous recreational drug and has little to no risk factor and has prevalent medical and industrial benefits, leaving us confused by claims to keep marijuana illegal. Cannabis has been used as a medicine for thousands of years. The first published evidence of medical cannabis use dates back to 2800 B.C. in China. â€Å"The Chinese compendium of herbal medicines, the Pents ao, first published around 2800 BC, recommended cannabis for the treatment of constipation, gout, malaria, menstrual problems and rheumatism.† (Maule 1) It was not until the late 20th century that the medical effects of marijuana on the human body were explored and interest in its medicinal properties have since been ever expanding. There is a wide range ofShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legal?1609 Words   |  7 PagesMs. Fingarson English 11 March 9th, 2017 Junior Research Paper: Marijuana Should Be Legal. According to world recognized American Scientist Carl Sagan â€Å"the illegality of cannabis is outrageous, an impediment to full utilization of a drug which helps produce the serenity and insights , sensitivity and fellowship so desperately needed in this increasingly mad and dangerous world†. These are just some of the benefits of Marijuana along with many others. All you have been taught about cannabis inRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1060 Words   |  5 PagesMedical Marijuana Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United Sstates (Wagner).. Marijuana is commonly used becauseThis it is because marijuana is easy to get and doesn’t have the visibly dangerous effects that other drugs like cocaine and heroine have. However,But does that mean marijuana is harmless to the human body? There are some people and studies that believe it is harmlessso. Sanjay Gupta, MD, Chief Medical Correspondent for CNN, wrote the following: â€Å"Frequent marijuana useRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?986 Words   |  4 Pages smoking pot in California, is legal. On Tuesday, November 8, 2016, California became the fifth state to legalize the recreational use of pot. By a margin of about 56% to 44%, voters passed Proposition 64. With its passing, California is now among states like Colorado, Washington, Oregon and Alaska who have also legalized marijuana. â€Å"Marijuana could become quite the cash crop† said Richard McGowan, a professor at Boston College and expert in the field of marijuana legalization. While many peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1230 Words   |  5 PagesCannabis Can The marijuana movement is more prevalent now than ever. Just recently, two other states have joined Colorado and Washington in the legalization of the recreational use of marijuana. On the other hand, the state of Florida did not pass the bill to approve medical marijuana. Although more and more states have begun to see the benefits in legalizing marijuana, many states maintain the view that smoking marijuana is criminal despite the many advantages it poses. Marijuana offers medical andRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?997 Words   |  4 Pagesof the topics; write a thesis statement and complete the introduction 1. Marijuana should be legal, because it is harmless, and it is an effective medicine for many kinds of diseases. - Marijuana should be legal due to its variety of health benefits - Marijuana is an effective medicine for many kinds of diseases - Marijuana legalization would help boost the economy Thesis Statement: Why shouldn’t marijuana be legal due to its variety of health benefits, its effectiveness for combating manyRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1630 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana has been a hot topic of conversation over the last few years, as some states in America have legalized it medically and recreationally. By discussing the legal aspect of marijuana, the economic benefits, medical usage and how marijuana affects the family, we can see the positive and negative impact that marijuana has on sociology. Except for a few select states, marijuana usage, sale and distribution of marijuana is in some manner illegal. As a result, there is immense legal considerationsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1610 Words   |  7 PagesSince the very first day marijuana began dominating our country over 30 years ago, federal control of the drug has been the topic of an continuing arguments. Marijuana is a crushed up blend of dried out herbs, seeds and stems of the plant cannabis. Most people inhale it in the shape of cigarettes for pleasure and relief. Should marijuana be made legal? Advocates of the drug argue that there are multiple medical advantages and that tobacco and alcohol are far more harmful for us than the drug itselfRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal? Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana is safer than tobacco and alcohol, more beneficial and healthier too. Marijuana, unlike tobacco and alcohol, never causes serious illnesses like cancers of the lungs, throat, and mouth, cirrhos is, dementia, or anything else. In actuality, medical marijuana is used to treat cancer cells. â€Å"The earliest use of cannabis as a medicine is attributed to the legendary Chinese Emperor Shen Nung, who is thought to have lived around 2700 BC.. Cannabis sativa is thought to have been grown for at leastRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal? Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesShould Marijuana Be Legal? In order to start a discussion about whether marijuana should be legal, we must first begin with the history of marijuana. How long has marijuana been around? The earliest recorded use of marijuana is from the island of Taiwan off the coast of mainland china over 10,000 years ago in the Stone Age (Marijuana, 2014). They wove their clothes and made their shoes from hemp. The first paper was made from a combination of crushed hemp fibers and mulberry tree bark. ThisRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal?1269 Words   |  6 Pagesspecific effects of marijuana on pregnancy women because women who use marijuana also tend to smoke cigarettes and are more likely to use other drugs such as cocaine and alcohol. Thus, it is difficult to identify the precise effects of marijuana on pregnant women and fetus (Leemaqz, 2016.). Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United State (Murray McKinney, 2014). According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 40- 60% of marijuana users continue to use

Regulation of Oldest Profession Essay - 1243 Words

Pornography and Prostitution have much in common, both include compensated consenting adults engaging in sexual activity; however, pornography is legal, and prostitution is not. Webster’s dictionary defines prostitution as â€Å"the act or practice of engaging in promiscuous sexual relations especially for money†. Although pornography is somehow widely accepted, it is essentially the same concept as prostitution, both involving consenting adults paid to perform sexual acts. While prostitution is controversial, states making prostitution legal, and equal to pornography, would have positive effects on the nation’s economy by making the profession safer, decreasing the crime rate, and helping the government financially. A mounting concern to†¦show more content†¦These individuals argue that the disease testing and condom policies do not work because of the lack of honesty by the prostitute, for want of extra money, and pressure of the â€Å"john†(cus tomer) to remain anonymous. According to research by Brents and Hausbeck, both professors of sociology at the University of Nevada: In 1985 and 1986, the Nevada Administrative Code imposed sexually transmitted disease and HIV tests on legal, working prostitutes (NAC Chapter 441A010-A325 and 441A775-A815). The result is that each person who applies for employment as a prostitute must take a blood test for HIV and syphilis and must submit a cervical specimen to be tested for gonorrhea and chlamydia. These tests must be negative before a prostitute can be licensed to beginwork. Every week thereafter while working in a brothel, prostitutes must see local physicians, who conduct PAP smears for gonorrhea and chlamydia and monthly blood tests for syphilis and HIV. If a working girl tests positive for anything other than HIV, she is unable to work until treated, cured, and her physician reinstates her health card. If she tests positive for HIV, she can no longer work as a legal brothel pros titute. (276) Prostitution is an incredibly dangerous job for the men/women that participate, not only by the social stigma placed on them, but also the areas where these â€Å"jobs† areShow MoreRelatedAdvantages of Legalizing Prostitution1749 Words   |  7 PagesProstitution is known as the oldest profession and has been around for millenniums, dating back to Roman, Byzantine, Greek and Egyptian empires (Baldwin, 2004). The ancient cultures of those empires dealt with the needs of the group and consequently developed protocols for dealing with sexual relations that have propagated throughout time to the modern era. As a result, prostitution is prominent in society today. When analyzing the sex trade, the factors of cultural precedence, philosophy, religionRead MoreShould Prostitution Be A Victimless Crime?1506 Words   |  7 PagesThe act of prostitution has been a leading topic of moral and legislative debate for centuries. Sometimes referred to as the ‘world’s oldest pro fession’ because it dates back to around 2400 B.C., prostitution is the practice of exchanging, selling or trading of sexual acts for payment. Although this service is forbidden amongst the world more often than it is not, the debate of its legalization has remained a heated issue (ProQuest Staff).The legalization of prostitution and whether or not prostitutionRead MoreThe Legal Acceptance Of Prostitution1608 Words   |  7 PagesThe Legal Acceptance of Prostitution Prostitution is often called the oldest profession in the world. One of the First forms is scared prostitution supposedly practiced among Sumerians. In ancient sources (Herodotus, Thucydides) there are many traces of scared prostitution, starting perhaps with Babylon where each women had to reach once a year the sanctuary of Militia and have sex with a foreigner as a sign of hospitality for a symbolic price. Prostitution is the sale of sexual services (typicallyRead MoreThe World s Oldest Profession For Nothing1613 Words   |  7 Pagesinherently immoral. It s how you do it that counts. And the reality is that it will happen anyway. It s not called the world s oldest profession for nothing. Why not make it, at the least, safe and productive?† -JEANNETTE ANGELL of A Wellness Perspective on Prostitution, Freedom, Religion, and More, Seek Wellness, Apr. 30, 2005. Prostitution, known as the world s oldest profession, and it exists everywhere. In the event you leave the country, and go to a whole new country, there is a guarantee you wouldRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Beneficial For Our Nation?1176 Words   |  5 PagesProstitution is one of the oldest occupations of all time. Brothels have always been around since ancient times. So this deviant act is nothing new in the world we live in today. Prostitution shouldn’t be deemed deviant. Prostitution is often said to be the oldest profession, and there is a lot of evidence that this is true. The earliest texts we have reference prostitutes, either sacred ones working for a temple or common street prostitutes. Throughout the Bible, prostitutes played greater or lesserRead MoreProstitution Essay1618 Words   |  7 PagesProstitution is Sex Work Prostitution may be the worlds oldest profession, and laws prohibiting prostitution may well be the oldest example of government regulation and government sex discrimination. In a free society, however, all such laws are inappropriate because they violate the basic rights and liberties of the individuals involved. In a free society, it makes no sense for the government to be telling people that they cannot charge a fee for harmless services they otherwise are at libertyRead MoreOther Styles of Prostitution1101 Words   |  4 Pagesorganization declared in 2009 that estimates show that there may be around 270,000 victims of human trafficking within the Union Europea. Labor condicion In some countries, principally in Western Europe (Netherlands and Germany) , whoredom may be a profession ruled by their employees pay their taxes and dont carry such a degraded social image. However, elsewhere within the same setting , the legal and social state of affairs is totally different : in Sverige, Noreg and Iceland four , five half-dozenRead MoreThe Benefits Of Legalizing Prostitution1500 Words   |  6 Pagesis supposedly the oldest profession in the world. It is legal in some countries, such as the United Kingdom and Germany. However, in the majority of the world, prostitution is illegal. The legalization of prostitution has become a popular dispute between what is morally right and wrong. There would be economic benefits in the amount of revenue that governments generate if prostitution were to become a legal line of work. However, many people are against legalizing a profession that is consideredRead MoreThe Untold Story : Legalization Of Prostitution1308 Words   |   6 Pageslong overdue because it would have a positive impact on the economy, set programs in place to improve quality of life for the victims/workers of the industry, and provide educative resources to bring awareness to the youth about the world’s oldest profession. Not a lot of light is shed on prostitution, let alone the sex industry in a state like Nevada where it is legal in 8 counties nor that up to the late 20th century it was a complete normality to visit brothels where customers would pay for sexualRead MoreProstitution Is A Single Right Definition For Prostitution1167 Words   |  5 Pageslegalized and it mostly has to do with the way we grew up being taught all these things were morally wrong. But we also have to talk about the economic, health, criminal, and social aspects of prostitution. Prostitution is considered the world’s oldest profession because it has been existent for as long as people could remember. It was around way before there were any governments and laws that determine whether or not it’s allowed, but it was always considered morally wrong. There will always be a demand

The History Of The Systemic Approach Education Essay Free Essays

In fact, survive with computing machines in the schoolroom, it is a spot like populating with an elephant, it is nerve-racking, it is cumbrous, it is upseting. What do you make with an elephant. We try to chasten the otherwise tame. We will write a custom essay sample on The History Of The Systemic Approach Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is engineering, efforts to incorporate them into learning pattern. But how? Changing wonts and behaviour. But alteration is complicated, it requires be aftering, must be checked and it is non easy to pull off an elephant, nor the usage of computing machine equipment. A A A About 25 old ages ago that we are working to incorporate â€Å" new † engineerings in different states. At different rates, depending on altering the joys, successes and failures in sequence – some losing forbearance, argue that it is an ageless – and yet†¦ Each cringle of the coiling brings us innovative farther in front. The school exchange and usage of progressively engineerings and digital resources to consolidate these alterations. Change, innovate, integrate, absorb engineering â€Å" new † â€Å" The engineering in the school will be † new â€Å" if teaching method that employs is new. ‘ A A A One manner to alter their instruction patterns is to incorporate digital engineerings in their instruction patterns. But it must be remembered that this alteration does non introduce. For there to be invention, ICT integrating should advance the development of one or more of the undermentioned rules: A A A A increased contact teachers-students or distance ; A A A A promote high outlooks vis-a-vis pupils A A A A support larning reactive, proactive and synergistic ; A A A A facilitate effectual and immediate feedback ; A A A A better and increase the clip of survey and reading ; A A A A promote diverse endowment ; A A A A enhance cooperation among pupils. A A A If the usage of ICT is non contributing to the development of one or the other of these rules, so there is alteration, but there is no pedagogical invention. But how and with what tools can we heighten the educational development of these rules? The â€Å" public presentations † of new engineerings in schools are non connected to the power or edification of machines†¦ can non assist believing that it is easier to fault the machines need educational†¦ Finally, everything is at that place, new engineerings in schools will be â€Å" new † if the teaching method that employs is â€Å" new † or instead renewed. ‘ A A A Is that correct? Are at that place baronial utilizations of engineering in instruction live togethering with enfeebling or unworthy intents? This is improbable. It is instead a inquiry of development, integration measure. We must larn to utilize simple engineerings before embarking into complicated utilizations. A A A To introduce through engineering, we must foremost be concerned pupils and so take attention of tools. This is the foundation of a humanistic, interdisciplinary and â€Å" anthropocentric † and a systemic attack to invention in instruction and basic reengineering the school utilizing engineering. A A A Too frequently, the execution of information engineering is under the mark of improvisation. We believed, and still believe one of the â€Å" innovators † , the diffusion of an invention in instruction is by osmosis and contagious disease nearby. This vision of â€Å" Utopian † procedure returns as follows: a instructor sets up an advanced undertaking utilizing ICT in the schoolroom. Spontaneously, co-workers, intrigued by both invention and covetous of such a success, eager to transform their teaching method, innovate and take part in this educational success. Just direct them the know-how. The shriveling expands and shortly the whole school is â€Å" tainted † by the new engineerings, each wishing to have an elephant in its category! A A A Unfortunately, invention is non spread in this manner in the field of instruction. It agree, this scheme has non vicarious delivered the expected consequences. Few thousand early adoptive parents have non wholly spread in their schools. Colleagues in the â€Å" innovator † did non spontaneously coveted innovate or chambarder their teaching method, or rearrange their classs. They did non instantly agreed that the success of an invention undertaking was due to the engineering, even if it was really present in the undertaking. In this vision of â€Å" spontaneousness † of the diffusion of invention, we must oppose systematic and systemic attack. A A A The systemic attack is divided into four phases. First measure, the system is in equilibrium functional school. Each histrion ( manager, instructors, pupils, professionals, director, support staff ) takes his function and the system is runing usually. It accomplishes its mission decently and wholly? If so, there is no demand to interrupt, the chambarder. Otherwise, the school does non let pupils to develop adequately its function in society. The school system is so critiqued and challenged. It is clip to alter it. Second measure, given the insufficiencies of the school riotous inventions are introduced doing daze moving ridges and instability. Third phase, the school system responds to this instability in two ways: a ) rejection of freshness to maintain the same old balance unstable and unsatisfactory B ) if the first maneuver did non work so the school system efforts to incorporate new, but minimising its effectivity and impact†¦ It is riotous and instructors seeking to incorporate engineering but altering nil in their instruction. Teachers try once more with these new tools the same as before but more frequently and more rapidly. Fourth measure, if the tactical integrating harmonic rejection or non fonctionnees so the system tries to absorb new engineering and animate a new systemic functional balance. Then there is reclamation of learning patterns. These four stairss are carried out consecutive and the procedure can be accelerated or stopped at any clip. This is why it is so of import when presenting technological inventions in instruction planning in continuance, to persist and to maximise the disruptive and destabilizing. Until a new equilibrium is non reached systemic one can state that an establishment is in the procedure of integrating but non assimilation. If the advanced release system force per unit area on the freshness consequence may regress and everything can be once more. A A A Furthermore, it is of import non to pout and success when instructors say the engineering used in their pattern non yet to the full renewed you must cognize the clip encouraged to go on doing the coveted alterations. Thus the â€Å" innovators † , backed up by the governments, can distribute the freshness and â€Å" contaminated † the whole community. 3. The â€Å" formula † for a successful execution â€Å" Let us all engineerings, but Lashkar-e-Taiba ‘s slave ordinal number ‘ A A A Already in 1987, the â€Å" innovators † of the integrating of engineering in learning had discovered the â€Å" formula † for a successful execution. [ 5 ] Here it is: 3.1. Ingredients A A A A Strong political will which beef up local directors in their attempts and back up â€Å" firm † instructors. A A A A Significant fiscal resources and provided yearly for several old ages, conditions for long-run planning. A A A A Many computing machines, efficient, dependable, accessible, networked and connected to the Internet for teleco and learning communities. A A A A Powerful applications, stable, dedicated, easy to utilize, user friendly and supply entree to content and quality digital resources seamlessly incorporate subjects. A A A A Information and support in good measure and at a changeless flow and steady. A A A A A systemic integrating consequence of a happy complicity between the spouses in instruction ( instructors, principals, counsellors, engineering directors ) . A A A A Time for instructors, clip for contemplation, for preparation, for planning of larning state of affairss and rating ( SAE ) authentic, contextualized and described in conformity with the preparation plan. 3.2 Preparation A A A Each of these ingredients should be available in good measure and assorted in proportions that meet regional liberty and the sensitiveness of local histrions ( schools ) . For illustration, the Commission scolaire de la Seigneurie-des-Mille-Iles lists five phases of ICT integrating in instruction: entry, acceptance, version, appropriation and innovation. The innovation is the phase where the instructor imagine new utilizations for enriching the preparation plan [ 10 ] . Depending on the phase identified resource demands, preparation and support may change. This is the first component to see when planning integrated and contextualised by a systemic attack. A A A Regarding pupils, without desiring to give the urban fable sing the genetically programmed acquisition who would be born â€Å" between a mouse and a keyboard † , we must acknowledge that many are non expected the chance to step into the schoolroom, or connected Television chance to collaborate. A A A If readying and ingredients are non sufficient quality and measure, mayonnaise may non acquire as stressed this illustrated â€Å" Barriers to ICT for instructor. tekki â€Å" . 3.3 Tips and Tricks A A A This â€Å" recipe † known in 1987 and repeated in 1997 [ 13 ] , should be reissued in 2007 for everyone to retrieve that the universe of engineering has non appeared today and will non vanish with him. Sing its airing in instruction, there is a universe of distinction. A A A However, nowhere resources will non be sufficient to fulfill the impatient. Two digressive forces hinder this forced March towards ICT everyplace for everything and for all, at least in industrialised society. First, the human and fiscal resources are scarce and must be shared among multiple precedences. More money to engage instructors or purchase equipment? A A A There is so the opposition to alter. Throughout the West, school systems are shaken – interviewed – and this uncertainness before school decision makers and instructors do non desire to be confused disrupted rushed. The instructor of the present clip is a tired adult male band – and this schematisation of his public presentation ( Figure 2 below ) begins its resiliency and helps to deter. 4. The effectivity of digital engineerings for learning â€Å" It takes a small town to raise a kid†¦ with a computer. ‘ A A A For the school adapts to alterations in engineering and integrates computing machine and Internet, you need a vision-based acquisition ecology of the school is based on the construct of computerized acquisition environment, what, besides known as digital work environment ( DWE ) , practical campus or practical office work [ 16 ] . Specifying the school as a acquisition environment, it is refocusing on acquisition and, therefore, more efficient usage of its resources. This is when they are placed in rich acquisition environments, including effectual cognitive tools, these are existent or practical environments that kids every bit good as grownups, learn and develop intellectually and socially. A A A Christian Barrette, an analyst at the Association for Research in college ( CRA ) , has compiled a batch of research on the effectivity of new engineerings for learning and larning. [ 17 ] Barrette concludes that ICTs are effectual when they are portion of a structured educational finely diversified acquisition activities and pedagogical attacks. In other words, the course of study offers larning of cognition, thoughts, constructs, and accomplishments development ( cognition, know-how, accomplishments ) and the instructor must cognize how to utilize ICT sagely to accomplish all these ends. A A A Confirming the research of Professor Marcel Lebrun Louvain-La-Neuve [ 18 ] proposes to consolidate Barrette pedagogical attacks into three categories-behavioral attacks empiricist, positivist, humanist and cognitive-constructivist which it associates the technological point of position the applications and attacks reactive, proactive and synergistic. Should prefer the constructivist attack when utilizing ICT at school? Not needfully run into Barrette. We need to diversify pedagogical attacks, learning methods and digital tools. And the research worker noted that â€Å" Among these attacks, the emerging of societal constructivism in pedagogical discourse, but small in pattern. It has been said about it, it could be good served by these engineerings that facilitated communicating and exchange in the transmutation of information into cognition meaningful. â€Å" The empirical grounds, drawn from the research reviewed, indicate that it is possible that ICTs are besides centered a ttacks to knowledge transportation ( behaviourism reactive manner ) or witting control of cognitive accomplishments ( proactive manner and cognitivism reflexive ) . A A A The reappraisal of undertakings and technological devices for larning ( larning state of affairss or learning scenarios and computing machine system ) really shows that these devices fall into three households: A A A A devices bring oning larning public presentation ( behaviourism, reagent ) ; A A A A bespeaking devices metacognition ( cognitivism, proactive – reflexive ) ; A A A A devices back uping collaborative acquisition ( constructivism, synergistic – ego ) . A A A Lesson effectual digest of assorted surveies reviewed by Barrette is hence as follows have proved effectual preparation devices ( attack, method, activity, larning state of affairs, digital tools ) : A A A A bring oning larning public presentation ( expressed ) and utilizing adaptative tools and differentiated exercisings repeated as gymnastic apparatuss, tutorials, educational games, lifes, chiefly used in the schoolroom or computing machine lab A A A A seeking metacognition and utilizing tools such as tutorials, dynamic geometry, demos, simulators, scheduling, robotics, drawings, portfolios in single activities that extend beyond the schoolroom or research lab ; A A A A back uping collaborative acquisition with tools such as practical preparation environments, wikis, web logs, electronic mails, forums, preparation platforms, which support active communities of exchange and cooperation particularly outside of the schoolroom or computing machine lab. A A A Figure 3 summarizes these three pedagogical attacks and this for each definition of acquisition, the scholar, the instructor ‘s function, the position of cognition, learning methods and illustrations of digital tools preferred. You will besides happen the didactic rules that promote educational invention and educational success. Empiricism Behaviorism Rationalism Cognitivism Humanitarianism Constructivism Definition of larning alteration in discernible behaviours. Change in ways of thought and work outing jobs. Cognitive struggles. Change in ways of thought, in co-creation activities. Motivate. Definition of larning Learning reactive hearing, watching, reacts and attempts once more. Active acquisition, information processor, treat the information, automatic procedure, high outlook Interactive Learning, cognition builder which initiates a undertaking and self-regulating, reflective, high outlook Role of the instructor sender of information and cognition. It presents, describes, schematically, programs and cheques. Manager of acquisition, usher, leads, directs, advocate says, is sing jobs, regulates redress. Guide, Zanzibar copal, aid, cause, inquiries, organizes, provides, suggests redresss and allowed to move, suggests ego Status of cognition / skills nonsubjective external world that the pupil must get, assimilate and reproduce. External world that the pupil must incorporate its mental forms and reuse. Reflexivity. Objective external world but perceived and reconstructed competency = know how to move by mobilising Teaching methods Teaching group, explicit, E3, repeated pattern, immediate feedback, survey clip, frequent contacts. Individualized direction, differentiated strategic attack deductive – inductive survey clip, frequent contacts. Vicarious larning strategic, differentiated by undertakings inductive-deductive, less frequent contact, promotes cooperation. Digital tools preferred Gymnastic apparatuss, tutorials, games, ICT competency, life, web portfolio, trial hidden words quiz Net and others. Simulations, simulation, robotic, jobs, You ‘re the hero, programming, Create a Web page, DAO, experience, portfolio, geometry, practical research lab, SAE, Scoop, webquests. . How to cite The History Of The Systemic Approach Education Essay, Essay examples

Nutrient References Values for Australia - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Nutrient References Values for Australia. Answer: Introduction The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate how I would design a diet plan for a pregnant woman based on professional nutrition information. With specific reference to data provided by the Ministry of Health through its periodic publications on health and nutritional guidelines, the following is a meal plan for a woman with a six-month-old pregnancy, which will ensure that the baby grows healthily and acquires the type of nutrients from the mothers main foods daily: a) Fruit and vegetables: the mother should take fruits not less than six times a day. b) Cereals and bread: wholegrain bread and cereals should be taken at least 6 times per day. c) Milk products and milk: Low-fat milk products or milk should be taken at least three times per day. d) The woman should also take at least two meals of chicken, lean meat, eggs, legumes or nuts per day. Plenty of Fluids To ensure that the mother and the baby are in constant supply of water, she should always drink immediately upon feeling thirsty. According to MOH (2015), it is also recommended for the mother to take at least 9 cups of fluids (low-fat milk or water) on a daily basis. Similarly, while it is normal to experience weight changes during pregnancy, overweight women should consider gaining less weight while underweight women should consider gaining more (World Health Organization Diet,2017). However, it is advisable to consult a doctor before intentionally gaining or losing weight during pregnancy. Keeping Safe The riskiest part of a womans life in terms of susceptibility to infections is during pregnancy. When a woman is pregnant, they are likely to acquire foodborne diseases which may ultimately affect the child (Nutrient References Values for Australia and New Zealand, 2017). Thus, to keep her and the baby safe, she should consider: a) Keeping her hands clean before eating b) Ensure food is cooked in a clean environment c) Take boiled/clean water. References MOH (2015) Healthy Eating. Retrieved from: https://www.health.govt.nz/your-health/healthy-living/food-activity-and-sleep/healthy-eating [3/10/2018] Nutrient References Values for Australia and New Zealand (2017). Retrieved from: https://www.nrv.gov.au/home [3/10/2018] World Health Organization Diet (2017). Retrieved from:https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs394/en/ [3/10/2018]

The Berlin Wall History

Sugaring Recipes to Attract Moths

Sugaring Recipes to Attract Moths Many moths will come to lights at night, but if you really want to sample the species in an area, you should try sugaring for moths. Sugaring or baiting is an effective and fun way to attract moths to an area. The bait is usually a mixture of fermenting fruit, sugar, and alcohol. When sugaring for moths, you apply the bait mixture to tree trunks, fence posts, stumps, or other structures, usually around dusk. After dark, you visit your bait sites at regular intervals of time to collect or photograph any moths. You can try sugaring for moths any time of the year, but youll have the best results if the temperature remains above 50 °F. Warm, muggy nights are ideal for baiting moths. Making a Sugar Bait for Moths Every moth enthusiast or entomologist I know has their own favorite recipe for sugar bait. The key to effective bait is making a concoction with a strong odor to attract the moths, and a sweet taste to keep the moths around. Finding a mixture that yields good results may take a bit of trial and error on your part. Start with this basic recipe, and modify it to your liking. Basic Sugar Bait Recipe to Attract Moths brown sugaroverripe bananasbeer (stale beer is preferable)molasses Were not baking a cake here, so theres no need to measure anything. Making a good bait for sugaring moths is more a matter of consistency than it is of proportion. You should try to achieve a consistency thick enough to keep it from dripping, but thin enough to spread with a paintbrush. Crush up the ripe bananas and mix them in. Use enough beer to dissolve the sugar. Stir it all together until you have a thick but fluid bait mixture. Some people prefer to age their sugaring bait, by letting it sit at room temperature for a few days. This will allow it to ferment, which will make the bait all the more attractive to the moths. If you choose to do this, dont put your mixture in an airtight container. Use a loose-fitting lid, or cover the container with a paper towel held in place with a rubber band. If you have any stale or skunky beer around, heres your chance to put it to good use. Moths dont mind a stale beer. Other Sugar Bait Ingredients Really, the fun part of sugaring for moths is creating your own perfect bait recipe. Try some of these ideas to modify the basic recipe, and see what works best to attract moths. dry yeast - if youre going to let your mixture sit and ferment, this may be a good addition to tryrumsweet liqueurs, like schnappswhite sugar – can be substituted for brown sugarhoneymaple syruprotting watermelon – some moth enthusiasts swear by watermelon, claiming its the best moth attractant you can findfermenting peaches, pears, or applesblack treacle – a sweet syrup produced when sugar is refinedcola – some people like to simmer the cola, stirring in sugar and perhaps some molasses until it dissolvesorange soda – open it and let it sit for a while, so it goes flat Applying the Sugar Bait to Attract Moths Now that youve mixed your sugar bait, its time to do some mothing! Youll need a paintbrush to apply the concoction. A 3-4 width paintbrush is ideal for this purpose. Take your mixture to the area where you hope to collect moths, and choose a few tree trunks or fence posts that are easily accessible. Paint the mixture on these locations, making about a 12-inch square (smaller, obviously, if the tree trunk isnt that wide) at eye level. If youre planning to photograph the moths, keep that in mind when applying the sugar bait. Make sure the ground is clear of debris or undergrowth, so you can collect or photograph any moths easily. I recommend sugaring the trees around dusk, so the scents of a fresh batch of bait are wafting through the air just when the night-flying moths are waking up from their naps. When youre applying the bait, remember that other insects (ants, anyone?) may enjoy a sugary snack, too. If you want to find moths, you need to be careful not to spill the bait solution as you walk around the area. Dont let the bait mixture drip down the tree trunk, either. You need to make a nice, neat square of sugar bait, without creating trails for ants to follow. If it drips, its not thick enough and you should go back to the kitchen. Adding molasses will usually do the trick. Some people recommend using the bait mixture as a barrier, to keep hungry ants from reaching the bait square intended for moths. Try painting a ring of the sugar bait around the tree trunk, several feet below the moth bait, and also several feet above the moth bait. This should effectively intercept any ants, and keep them preoccupied and away from the moths. Checking the Bait for Moths Now its just a matter of sitting and waiting for the moths to find your irresistibly stinky bait. Youll probably notice the most moth action between the hours of 10 pm and 1 am but check your bait sites every half hour or so. Be careful you dont spook the moths! Dont shine your flashlight directly at the moths. Flashlights with a red filter, or with red LED lights, will make it easier to observe the moths without disturbing them. Keep your flashlight pointing down toward the ground as you approach. As moths in the area detect the scent of the bait, they will fly to the site to investigate. Youll see moths resting on the areas where you applied the bait.   Sources: Discovering Moths: Nighttime Jewels in Your Own Backyard, by John Himmelman Sugaring for Moths, Catocala website, accessed November 19, 2012 Sugaring for Moths, University of Washington, accessed November 19, 2012Sugar Baits for Moths, National Moth Week, accessed November 19, 2012Sugaring for Moths  (PDF), Michigan Entomological Society, accessed November 19, 2012Attracting Moths, Staffordshire Moth Group, accessed November 19, 2012

Effects of YPF Nationalization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Effects of YPF Nationalization - Research Paper Example The nationalization has also severed Argentina’s social relations with other countries that threatened to impose stringent political and economic sanctions on Argentina. Nationally, the social effects of the nationalization include an increase in the amount of taxes paid by Argentines (Cassidy, 2012). The government is also restricting currency flight, which is growing at an alarming rate as more and more Argentines lose faith in the country’s economic prospects. As a consequence, Argentines continue to encounter immense restrictions, particularly with regard to making investments. The Argentine President infuriated Argentina’s allies such as Spain but also won the favor of a massive portion of Argentines who consider the expropriation of Repsol as serving Argentina’s interests. The Argentine government’s decision to wrench control from Repsol continues to instigate fear amongst Argentines, as well as other people in the region. This is largely beca use YPF is a prominent company, which contributes substantially to the economy of South America. Therefore, other South American countries are bound to be adversely affected by Argentina’s move to nationalize YPF. As a consequence, these nations are likely to consider the Argentina government as irresponsible with the country’s and region’s wellbeing. ... In essence, the nationalization of YPF will cause detrimental effects to the government’s capacity to provide its citizens with proper social services. On the other hand, Argentina is likely to suffer fuel scarcity as a consequence of the nationalization. This is because the country does not have the capacity to explore its vast oil and gas resources. Oil and gas scarcity will, in turn, result in increased living costs on the people of Argentina. Effects of the Nationalization on society in Argentina The nationalization of YPF serves to move Argentina back to the status of a net energy exporter while at the same time having immense sovereign power over the country’s energy industry, as well as natural resources. This perception towards the effects of YPF’s nationalization on Argentina’s social environment is quite distinct from the former signals, which indicated that the Argentine government was moving towards a wholesome nationalization of the countryâ⠂¬â„¢s oil and gas resources. As a consequent, the nation recognized that it its domestic investor pool was quite inadequate, and the country seriously required foreign expertise, as well as foreign investments to enable it tap its energy resources (Romero, 2012). This was especially the case regarding Vaca Muerta’s immense shale oil and gas reserves. In essence, all these moves signify Argentina’s growing appreciation for its sovereignty both socially and economically as the country is no longer afraid to invite a clash with other nations in its fight for its rights. Reception YPF’s nationalization was warmly welcomed by Argentines who thought that the government could have expropriated 100%, not just a portion of it. Most Argentines believe that the

Persuasive Interview (Guide and schedule) Speech or Presentation

Persuasive Interview (Guide and schedule) - Speech or Presentation Example In my opinion, looking at the limited chances of getting full sponsorship in most US universities, I would advise my friend to purchase the car, then after some time in the job he can enroll for a self- sponsored or partially sponsored degree. When it comes to his car of choice, Honda is a good choice and specifically the Honda legend. There a number of other cars in the same class as the Honda legend but in so many ways than one, the latter still remains to be the best in the race of stardom. These are of the reasons why I would like my friend to buy the Honda Legend, and also a good comparison with it immediate rival; the Fiat Punto. 6 reasons why you should buy a Honda Legend and not a Fiat Punto Its engine performance and transmission More cylinders- 6 vs 4- has 2 more cylinders than the Fiat Punto and the more the number of cylinders the less vibration its engine has and also runs more smoothly. Honda Legend has more engine power than the Fiat Punto- it produces 295 bhp while Fi at Punto produces 133 bhp. This means that the Honda has 55% or 162bhp more power than the Fiat Punto. This also makes it to have a higher top speed. ... Fuel consumption Honda Legend has lower fuel consumption than Fiat Punto. Honda legend consumes 23.69 mpg while the Fiat Punto consumes 47.2 mpg. This is 99% or 23.51 mpg more than Honda Legend. Weight and capacity The Honda Legend has a minimum boot capacity which is greater than that of Fiat Punto. Honda has a capacity of 452 liters while Fiat’s capacity is 275 liters; this is 39 % or 177 liters more than the capacity of Fiat Punto. Honda Legend has more fuel tank capacity than Fiat Punto. Honda has 73 liters while Fiat is 45 liters; this brings out a difference of 28 liters or 38 %. Having this in mind, it is clear that a Honda legend beats a Fiat Punto by far and therefore makes the former a much better choice to settle. Interview schedule Persuasive interview It is my pleasure to have this moment to take you through some facts concerning your choice of car. However, it is my understanding that you are quiet a busy person and therefore will now take much of your time as I take you through this interview. I understand you desire to purchase a Honda car? What drives you to choosing this particular type of vehicle? I would like to take you through a brief overview of the Honda legend specifications so that you can have an idea of what you are buying and also see if it suits your needs and financial capacity. I hope that is okay with you our esteemed customer? (The sales person outlines the specifications of the car) From the specifications that have been read to you, what is your take about Honda legend? Does it meet your expectations? In my opinion and great experience with vehicles, I would highly recommend you to take the car. This car will meet all your needs, save on fuel cost since it is not a fuel guzzler and also offer you the comfort and

Historiographical Paper on Latin America Specificly on Educational Essay

Historiographical Paper on Latin America Specificly on Educational Policies under Populist leaders in Brazil, Mexico and Argentina - Essay Example Following the Great Depression many Latin American countries were seeking new ideas and policies to ward off economic losses. Notably, populist leaders made effective use of the media to gain the attention and patronage of a large voting pool within the community. Importantly, populist leaders considered the large indigenous populations that were part of their nations heritage, initiating discourse of inter-culturality and multi-cultural education. This incorporated concepts of democracy, equality and a civil society. Further, populism looked to debate and respect the cultural and linguistic plurality of indigenous peoples, and to rectify their day-to-day struggles with oppressive and unequal social relations (Aikman, 2004). This paper will review the populist education policies of the presidents; Lazaro Crdenas (Mexico); Juan Pern (Argentina); and Getlio Vargas (Brazil). President Crdenas's term was noteworthy for its extension of education resources and opportunities to the rural areas of Mexico, along with changes to land distribution and the formation of labor unions (Encyclopedia of the Nations, 2006). The dramatic reformation programs initiated by Crdenas promoted domestic industrialization by introducing import barriers the strong economic growth of Mexico in the following years provided the foundation for his inclusive education policies. The market forces of capitalism had until Crdenas's time maintained the status quo of the oppression of the indigenous people of Mexico. His administration brought in agrarian reform however, Crdenas was not fully focused on social transformation, although his term did manage to stabilize the existing capitalist economy (Dawson, 2004). Overall, Crdenas set out to decrease social inequality while at the same time increasing confience in the Mexican social system. Previous to the Crdenas government, a series o f scientific and educational institutions had tried to understand and up-date the social position of indigenous people, and to integrate them into the wider Mexican community. Indigenism or indigenismo was maintained throughout Crdenas's term, contributing to the revolutionary formation and ethnohistory of Mexico.The assimilationist ideas of Mexico's bureaucrats and scholars between 1917-1934 sought to integrate the indigenous people by having them cast aside their culture (Dawson, 2004). With Crdenas, a more pluralist period of indigenism arose, extending on the belief that indigenous people were 'educatable'. Indian boarding schools were established to educate and modernize the students, however, by to teach in language and to have bureaucrats work within the indigenous communities. The Department of Indigenous Affairs was soon formed, that was oriented toward the education of indigenous people and the maintenance and respect of their culture and religious practices. As part of his goal to encourage the uplifting of Mexico's indigenous peoples, Crdenas put together a series of conferences (i.e., the 'Cardenista indigenous congresses') that included community leaders who would be able to communicate their expectations of the revolutionary state (Dawson, 2004). However, Crdenas did steer away from an extreme pluralist ideal of indigenism, and so maintained the older model of Indian assimilation into Mexican society. Also, the indigenous population did not always choose cultural autonomy, although there were

Differences Between Chinese And German Employment Systems

Differences Between Chinese And German Employment Systems Employment systems are complex structures of productive and reproductive activities, various payment schemes, and different working time arrangements (Christiansen, Koistinen, Kovalainen, 1999, p 1). They can be shaped by societal structures, national cultures, social welfare systems, educational and vocational training systems (Christiansen, et al., 1999). This argument successfully explains why there are so many different employment systems globally. In addition to the structural and cultural differences, globalisation, technological innovation and workforce aging also have resulted in tremendous changes in the social and economic context (Christiansen, et al., 1999; Tuselmann, 2001; Ying Warner, 2005). This paper discussed how and why the employment systems in Germany and China are different and the influences of globalisation. The German employment system was chosen to be the counterpart not only because Germany is one of the worlds leading economies and a prototype of the Continental Model, but also in consideration of its close international trade relationship with China. The attention was focused on the differences between the aspects of Trade Union role and Vocational Education and Training System (VET). The changes in China was focused on the State-owned Enterprises (SOEs) because it is still the dominant employer in China and the data are relative easily be accessed. The term of human resource management (HRM) was used in broad sense in order to cover more aspects of the current HRM practices. This is because HRM, first derived from Northern America after the Second World War and spread to the world, is getting popular in China but there are great variations in interpretation, understanding and practices (Cook, 2004). Differences between German and Chinese employment systems When we talk about the social models in Europe we may consider that the Europe Model is unique and pervasive. However, the notion of Europe Model is too big to reflect the natural differences between each national system, thus it was re-categorized into several sub-groups, named Nordic Model, Anglo-Saxon Model, Mediterranean Model and Continental Model (Sapir, 2006). Germany, along with France, Austria, Belgium, Luxembourg, was categorised into the Continental Model characterized with collective bargaining between unions and employers associations, close tie between companies and banks, the comprehensive vocational education and training (VET) system, and extensive labour market regulations (Tuselmann, 2001). Employment system in Germany One outstanding characteristic of the German employment system is its dual representation and legalistic structure industrial relations system. Trade unions and work councils are well established with their counterparts of employers association and firms respectively. Legislations and laws provided a framework for different parties (Katz Darbishire, 2000; Schnabel, Zagelmeyer, Kohaut, 2006). In Germany, collective bargaining is mainly carried out at the region or sector level and the agreement is legally binding. The collective bargaining parties have been legally empowered a great sense of autonomy, so it is possible to apply the agreements without the direct intervention of the state. Wages is a good example. It is collectively negotiated and applied at the state or sector level. Therefore, individual company within a bargaining sector do not has considerable differences in terms of the wages despite the organizations size, structure, technology, capital intensity and global exposure (Katz Darbishire, 2000; Schnabel, et al., 2006; Tuselmann, 2001). This leads to a high functional flexibility while a relatively low numerical and financial flexibility (Tuselmann, 2001, p 546-547). Comprehensive VET system is another feature of German employment system which has successfully supplied a large pool of qualified labours. In Germany, VET is supported by the state and regulated by different labour laws. Qualifications are designed on consensus of the employers association, trade union and educationalist. Chambers of commerce is employed to monitor the training progress and ensure that the trainee is not exploited. The close tie between the firms and banks ensures that investment is in long term interests instead of short one so that firms have much more patience to invest into the VET system. At the same time, because the pay is collectively negotiated in the sector level, it reduce the possibility of key technicians be poached so that firms are more willing to invest into VET (Grugulis, 2007; Tuselmann, 2001). Employment system in contemporary China In order to catch up the rest of the world and improve the economic situation, China has adopted a series of political and economic reforms since 1979, which have resulted in great changes in the context of management practices (Zhu, Thomson, Cieri, 2008). The government has less directly intervened into the workforce management at the enterprise level. Instead, a series of laws and regulations have been adopted to handle the employment issues. SOEs have decentralized or privatized and more and more collectively owned enterprises, privately owned firms, self-employed business as well as foreign-related businesses, such as multinational corporations (MNCs), joint ventures (JVs), were setup. The changes of ownership structure and government involvement methodology undoubtedly impacted the employment system at the macro level. The trade union role, pay structure and VET system have gone through radical changes accordingly (Cooke, 2005). In china, the officially recognized trade union is the All China Federation of Trade Union (ACFTU), which was set up in 1920s and supported the Communist Party to fight against Japanese and Kuomintang. Since 1979 its influence has improved largely but differences are apparent due to the difference of ownership structure, enterprises size and location (Cooke, 2005; Rowley, Benson, Warner, 2004; Ying Warner, 2005). All the union members, despite their occupations, sectors and regions, all belong to the same Union ACFTU. The Trade Union Law, adopted in 1995 and amended in 2001, and the Labour Law (1995) provide a legal framework and empowered union to represent, monitor and protect the members legal rights and interests and develop their activities according to the law (Cooke, 2005; Ying Warner, 2005). In terms of the pay distribution, performance-based incentive policies have been initiated but the basic wage is still largely based on the traditional seniority-based egalitarian wage structure (Cook, 2004, p 25) which can not fully reflect the competences and contributions of the workers. As a result some workers are low motivated and some of the key technicians have been poached by private or foreign-related companies by high wages or higher social identification (Cooke, 2005; Ying Warner, 2005). Another characteristic of Chinese employment system is the ineffective VET system and severe skilled shortage although China has the largest labour pool in the world. VET in China is mainly funded by the government and SOEs. But only in recent years VET received some attentions. There are considerable differences between different enterprises ownerships, sectors and regions. Most of the enterprises leaders think VET is not the core business so that very limited fund was allocated to it (Cooke, 2005). These problems make it difficult for VET to train skilled labours for the social development. In short, compare with Germany, the trade union in China has well organized and developed. It has actively and effectively involved into the collective bargaining and disputes settlement especially after the adoption of the Trade Union Law. The pay structure has abandoned the Maos equality norm and some incentive policies have been introduced but failed to reflect the individual competence. At the same time, compare with the German VET systems, the Chinese VET system is less effective and fail to supply enough skilled labours to meet the social needs. Why are they different Employment systems are complex structures which can shaped by several factors, such as societal structures, national cultures, social welfare systems, education and vocational training systems (Christiansen et al., 1999, p 1). This part explores the reasons of the differences between these two systems from the perspectives of political structures and culture differences. Political structures In Germany, the employment relations is famous for its high degree of juridification (Katz Darbishire, 2000; Lansbury, Bamber, Wailes, 2004). Trade unions activities are guided and governed by the series of legislations and laws, such as the Works Constitution Act, the Co-determination Acts, the Collective Bargaining Act and the Social Security Act (Lansbury, et al., 2004). Dual representation system and various unions make it more effective to represent and protect the members legal interests. In contrast, in China, there is only one officially recognized trade union All China Federation of Trade Union (ACFTU). It is mainly guide and regulated by the Trade Union Law (2001) and the Labour Law (1995). National culture Cross-culture management studies and theories have acknowledged the pervasive influence of cultures on choosing HRM practices in the global business context (Aycan, 2005; Leat El-Kot, 2007). Employment systems theories re-emphasized the importance of the cultures in the shaping of a national system. The comparison between these two countries cultures will provide a new perspective to understand why the German and Chinese employment systems are so different. Hofstedes dimension of culture scales is a powerful indicator to recognize the differences between cultures. Chinese ranks higher on power distance, long term orientation and low on individualism. Germany, however, ranks very high on individualism and very low on long term orientation (Arrowsmith, 2009). The differences between individualism and collectivism will largely affect the workers attitude to job satisfaction, security duty and harmony (Warner, 2008). For example, the contribution norm and egalitarianism is very popular in Chinese pay structures. The attempts from the top to increase income differentials according to workers performance and competence have been largely mediated by the operational managers (Cooke, 2005). While the elitism, which regards manual skill as an inferior to formal education, resulted in low attention be paid to VET development. How has the globalisation changed the situation? Globalisation is growing faster than ever before (Briscoe Schuler, 2004). Organisations are more and more exposed to international exchanges and competitions. Managers interact more commonly with multi-cultural background customers, suppliers and employees (Warner, 2008). This creates great opportunities as well as threats to the organisations which are struggling to be successful in the global business. However, the involvement in the globalisation does not guarantee a success. How to integrate the market differences, realize the business scales and transfer the knowledge beyond the physical boundary, but more importantly, how to manage and motivate the multi-culture employees play a crucial role (Friedman, 2007). Hence, both the worldwide organisations, such as European Union (EU), World Trade Organisation (WTO), and countries, like China, Germany, UK, US, have adopted series of changes and reforms. This part aims to assess the globalisations influences on the national employment systems from the institutional perspective. Is it more convergent or divergent? Convergence and divergence debate has existed in the comparative studies for a long time. Convergence theorists believe that the development of the industrialisation, globalisation, decentralizing and transfer of knowledge will lead to a convergent business management practice. However, the divergence theorists insist that the national culture and values will resist to this change and the management practice cannot be duplicated across nation borders (Warner, 2008). The core of the debate is the management practice should be localized or not. In China, globalisation has showed its power to convergent the various practices. Studies found that Chinas active participation into the global business context especially after the joining of WTO has resulted in tremendous changing in its business law, taxation and business management. These changes make the Chinese management practices are closer to the international standards and western management philosophies (Warner, 2008; Ying Warner, 2005). For example, before the reform, the Chinese employment was high centralized lifelong iron bowl system. However, after two decades of massive efforts, the Chinese employment system has primarily established a market-driven, performance-based, decentralized employment system. Trade unions are empowered to monitor and protect the workers legal interests according to the newly amended Trade Union Law. China even tried to duplicate the German VET system in 1980s. Some of the trials failed but these movements made Chinese practices closer to G erman way. Meanwhile, some of the underlying Chinese traditional values are functioning as an resistance force to stop or slow the progress of convergence. For example, performance-based pay structure were introduced to differentiate the income differences according to individuals competences but it was mediated at the operational level due to the underlying egalitarianism (Cooke, 2005). This controversial finding consist with the process of globalisation it is a process rather than an end-state (Hughes ONeill, 2008). With the development of globalisation, the management practices and philosophies come from different countries will keep conflicting, but at the same time, more similarities will be found in the international business arena. Conclusion Different political structures and national cultures resulted in considerable differences between employment systems. Coming from two continents, China and Germany have very little in common before 1970s. However, globalisation put these two countries, as well as the other countries, on the same arena, global business context. This creates opportunities as well as threat to these countries which are struggling to be or keep being prosperous. Therefore, series changes and reforms have been conducted in different sectors and contexts in order to seize the opportunities. Decentralization in Germany has been conducted (Katz Darbishire, 2000). But compare with China the German employment system change is smaller. Since 1979, China has conducted radical changes in its ownership structures, HRM practices, legislation and laws. A market-driven, performance-based and decentralized employment system has been primarily setup. The differences between these two employment systems in terms of trade union role and VET system are still big but some similarities have been successfully identified. At the same time, the underlying long-lasting national cultures and values are functioning to resist some of the changes. The controversial findings between convergence and divergence reflect that the process of learning and conflicting will not finish overnight. It, likes the progress of globalisation, will not be stopped or reversed. Meanwhile, it should be taken into consideration that differences of employment systems may exist between regions, sectors and firms even in a same country (Arrowsmith, 2009). This increases the difficulties of comparative studies across the national boundaries. Much more efforts will be needed to make this issue clearer.

Napoleon Bonaparte :: History

Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte, who is also known as the "little Corsican", was born on August 15,1769 in Ajaccio, Corsica. His family had moved there from Italy in the 16th century. His original name was Napoleone. He had 7 brothers and sisters. His original nationality was Corsican-Italian. He also despised the French. He thought they were oppressors of his native land. His father was a lawyer, and was also anti-French. One reason Napoleon may have been such a great leader and revolutionary because was he was raised in a family of radicals. When Napoleon was nine, his father sent him to Brienne, a French military government school in Paris. While there he was constantly teased by the French students. Because of this Napoleon started having dreams of personal glory and triumph. From 1784 to 1785 Napoleon attended the Ecole Militaire in Paris. It was there that he received his military training. He studied to be an artillery man and an officer. He finished his training and he joined the French army when he was just 16 years old. His father died after that and he had to provide for his entire family. Napoleon was stationed in Paris in 1792. After the French monarchy was overthrown in August of that year, Napoleon started to make a name for himself and become a well known military leader. In 1792 Napoleon was promoted to captain. In 1793 he was chosen to direct the artillery against the siege in Toulon. Soon after that Toulon fell and Napoleon was promoted to brigadier general. Napoleon was made commander of the French army in Italy. He defeated many Austrian Generals. Soon after this Austria and France made peace. Afterwards Napoleon was relieved of his command. He had been suspected of treason. In 1795 he broke up a revolt and saved the French government. He had earned back respect and he was once again give command of the French Army in Italy. He came up with a plan that worked very well. He would cut the enemy's army in to two parts, then attack one side of them before the other side could help them. This worked very well against the Sardinian troops, he defeated them 5 times in 11 days. After this Napoleon was almost impossible to stop. This was when he began conquering most of Europe. The first country he defeated was Austria. He collected lots of money and sent it back to Paris, this helped the weak economy of France.

Is an invitation to treat an offer? Discuss? Essay

Answer: Section 2(a), Contracts Act 1950 provides that ‘when one person signifies to another his willingness to do or to abstain from doing anything, with a view to obtaining the assent of that other to the act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal’. Case: M N Guha Majumder v R E Donough [1974] 2 MLJ 114 Facts: Property owned by the defendant was advertised for sale, and written offers to purchase were invited. The plaintiff viewed the property on two occasions. During the interval between the two occasions the plaintiff was in communication with the defendant’s agent, and it was alleged that the defendant had accepted the plaintiff’s offer to purchase the property for RM70,000. There had been on the occasion of the second visit to the property some discussion on the mode of payment. There was also no clear agreement on the sale of orchid plants which the defendant wished to sell separately, although the matter was discussed between the parties. The defendant denied that he had decided to go on with the sale. The defendant was anxious, however, to effect a quick sale as he was desirous of leaving Kuching permanently for Johor bharu. Issue: Whether there was a contract inexistence between the plaintiff and the defendant at the material time. Held: 1. The law does not impute an intention to enter   into such a legal relationship as that of vendor and purchaser where the circumstances and the conduct of the parties negative any intention of the kind. 2. The evidence indicated that the parties did not intend to be immediately bound. They had not the necessary animus contrahendi (means intention to contract). What passed was only a negotiation from beginning to end. Whether an advertisement is an offer or an invitation to treat depends on the intention of the parties in each case. The courts have held that  advertisements of bilateral contracts are not offers whereas advertisements of unilateral contracts are construed to be offers. In the case of Majumder v Attorney-General of Sarawak, the Federal Court held that an advertisement in the newspaper for the post of a doctor was an invitation to treat. When an auctioneer invites bids, he is merely making an ‘invitation to treat’, and when a bidder makes a bid, he is making an offer. The contract, i.e. the sale, is only made when the auctioneer announces its completion by the fall of the hammer. Similarly, a display of goods in a shop is an invitation to treat. An offer to buy is made when the customer puts the articles in a basket provided by the shop or takes the item off the shelf. The contract is only made at the cashier’s desk when the customer pays for the items. However, if it is clear in the circumstances that a party intends their words or conduct to constitute an offer, then the courts will be prepare to construe it as such. For example, in Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. Ltd [1893] 1 QB 256, the advertisement of a unilateral contract was held to be an offer. Case: Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. Ltd [1893] 1 QB 256 Facts: Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. Ltd. Advertised that they would offer  £1,000 to anyone who still succumbed to influenza after using a certain remedy for a fixed period. The plaintiff duly used it but, nevertheless, contracted influenza. The plaintiff then sued for the money. Held: The plaintiff was entitled to the  £1,000 as she had accepted the offer made to the world at large. To summarize, an invitation to treat is not an offer, but rather is an offer to consider offers. Instances which are generally regarded as invitations to treat include: -Auctions; -Advertisement of tenders; -Catalogues; -Price lists; and -Goods displayed in shop windows and shelves.

Taliban Decrees and Prohibitions Against Women

Taliban Decrees and Prohibitions Against Women Immediately on taking over cities and communities in Afghanistan, the Taliban imposed its law, based on an interpretation of Sharia  or Islamic  law that was stricter than in any part of the Islamic world. The interpretation is at wide variance from that of most Islamic scholars. With very minimal changes, what follows are the Taliban rules, decrees, and prohibitions as posted in Kabul and elsewhere in Afghanistan beginning in November and December 1996, and as translated from Dari by Western non-governmental agencies. The grammar and syntax ​follows the original. Those rules still prevail wherever the Taliban is in control – in vast parts of Afghanistan or in Pakistans Federally Administered Tribal Areas. On Women and Families Decree announced by the General Presidency of Amr Bil Maruf and Nai As Munkar (Taliban Religious Police), Kabul, November 1996. Women you should not step outside your residence. If you go outside the house you should not be like women who used to go with fashionable clothes wearing much cosmetics and appearing in front of every men before the coming of Islam.Islam as a rescuing religion has determined specific dignity for women, Islam has valuable instructions for women. Women should not create such opportunity to attract the attention of useless people who will not look at them with a good eye. Women have the responsibility as a teacher or coordinator for her family. Husband, brother, father have the responsibility for providing the family with the necessary life requirements (food, clothes etc). In case women are required to go outside the residence for the purposes of education, social needs or social services they should cover themselves in accordance with Islamic Sharia regulation. If women are going outside with fashionable, ornamental, tight and charming clothes to show themselves, they will be cursed by the Islamic Sharia and should never expect to go to heaven.All family elders and every Muslim have responsibility in this respect. We request all family elders to keep tight control over their families and avoid these social problems. Otherwise these women will be threatened, investigated and severely punished as well as the family elders by the forces of the Religious Police (Munkrat).The Religious Police have the responsibility and duty to struggle against these social problems and will continue their effort until evil is finished. Hospital Rules and Prohibitions Rules of work for the State Hospitals and private clinics based on Islamic Sharia principles. Ministry of Health, on behalf of Amir ul Momineet Mohammed Omar. Kabul, November 1996. 1. Female patients should go to female physicians. In case a male physician is needed, the female patient should be accompanied by her close relative.2. During examination, the female patients and male physicians both will be dressed with Islamic .3. Male physicians should not touch or see the other parts of female patients except for the affected part.4. Waiting room for female patients should be safely covered.5. The person who regulates turn for female patients should be a woman.6. During the night duty, in what rooms which female patients are hospitalized, the male doctor without the call of the patient is not allowed to enter the room.7. Sitting and speaking between male and female doctors are not allowed. If there be need for discussion, it should be done with hijab.8. Female doctors should wear simple clothes, they are not allowed stylish clothes or use of cosmetics or make-up.9. Female doctors and nurses are not allowed to enter the rooms where male patients are hospitalized. 10. Hospital staff should pray in mosques on time.11. The Religious Police are allowed to go for control at any time and nobody can prevent them.Anybody who violates the order will be punished as per Islamic regulations. General Rules and Prohibitions General Presidency of Amr Bil Maruf. Kabul, December 1996. 1. To prevent sedition and female uncovers (Be Hejabi). No drivers allowed to pick up women who are using Iranian burqa. In case of violation the driver will be imprisoned. If such kind of female are observed in the street their house will be found and their husband punished. If the women use stimulating and attractive cloth and there is no accompany of close male relative with them, the drivers should not pick them up.2. To prevent music. To be broadcasted by the public information resources. In shops, hotels, vehicles and rickshaws cassettes and music are prohibited. This matter should be monitored within five days. If any music cassette found in a shop, the shopkeeper should be imprisoned and the shop locked. If five people guarantee the shop should be opened the criminal released later. If cassette found in the vehicle, the vehicle and the driver will be imprisoned. If five people guarantee the vehicle will be released and the criminal released later.3. To prevent beard shaving a nd its cutting. After one and a half months, if anyone is observed who has shaved and/or cut his beard, they should be arrested and imprisoned until their beard gets bushy.4. To prevent keeping pigeons and playing with birds. Within ten days this habit/hobby should stop. After ten days this should be monitored and the pigeons and any other playing birds should be killed.5. To prevent kite-flying. The kite shops in the city should be abolished.6. To prevent idolatry. In vehicles, shops, hotels, room and any other places, pictures and portraits should be abolished. The monitors should tear up all pictures in the above places.7. To prevent gambling. In collaboration with the security police the main centers should be found and the gamblers imprisoned for one month.8. To eradicate the use of narcotics. Addicts should be imprisoned and investigation made to find the supplier and the shop. The shop should be locked and the owner and user should be imprisoned and punished.9. To prevent the British and American hairstyle. People with long hair should be arrested and taken to the Religious Police department to shave their hair. The criminal has to pay the barber.10. To prevent interest on loans, charge on changing small denomination notes and charge on money orders. All money exchangers should be informed that the above three types of exchanging the money should be prohibited. In case of violation criminals will be imprisoned for a long time.11. To prevent washing cloth by young ladies along the water streams in the city. Violator ladies should be picked up with respectful Islamic manner, taken to their houses and their husbands severely punished.12. To prevent music and dances in wedding parties. In the case of violation the head of the family will be arrested and punished.13. To prevent the playing of music drum. The prohibition of this should be announced. If anybody does this then the religious elders can decide about it.14. To prevent sewing ladies cloth and takin g female body measures by tailor. If women or fashion magazines are seen in the shop the tailor should be imprisoned.15. To prevent sorcery. All the related books should be burnt and the magician should be imprisoned until his repentance.16. To prevent not praying and order gathering pray at the bazaar. Prayer should be done  on  their due times in all districts. Transportation should be strictly prohibited and all people are obliged to go to the mosque. If young people are seen in the shops they will be immediately imprisoned.9. To prevent the British and American hairstyle. People with long hair should be arrested and taken to the Religious Police department to shave their hair. The criminal has to pay the barber.10. To prevent interest on loans, charge on changing small denomination notes and charge on money orders. All money exchangers should be informed that the above three types of exchanging the money should be prohibited. In case of violation criminals will be imprisoned for a long time.11. To prevent washing cloth by young ladies along the water streams in the city. Violator ladies should be picked up with respectful Islamic manner, taken to their houses and their husbands severely punished.12. To prevent music and dances in wedding parties. In the case of violation the head of the family will be arrested and punished.13. To prevent the playing of music drum. The prohibition of this should be announced. If anybody does this then the religious elders can decide about it.14. To prevent sewing ladies cloth and taking female body measures by tailor. If women or fashion magazines are seen in the shop the tailor should be imprisoned.15. To prevent sorcery. All the related books should be burnt and the magician should be imprisoned until his repentance.16. To prevent not praying and order gathering pray at the bazaar. Prayer should be done on their due times in all districts. Transportation should be strictly prohibited and all people are obliged to go t o the mosque. If young people are seen in the shops they will be immediately imprisoned.

Is Neglecting Your Physical Well-Being Affecting Your Work Productivity

Is Neglecting Your Physical Well-Being Affecting Your Work Productivity This week I learned the importance of exercise in my work productivity. A top business strategist, Tony Jeary, was asked in the August 2017 edition of Success Magazine for some quick leadership tips. The person asking owned a company that had just expanded from a two-person startup to a ten-person operation. He claimed to have â€Å"no management experience.† I expected answers like learn everything you can about management, listen to your employees, create a clear mission and vision, and commit to your personal growth. I expected him to warn against errors like the ones I wrote about last week in The 9 Biggest Mistakes a Leader Can Make. Jeary gave four pieces of advice. And while three of his answers were along the lines I had anticipated, I was surprised that this one made the top four: â€Å"Take care of yourself. Eat well, sleep enough and exercise regularly.† The â€Å"exercise regularly† part stood out for me in particular. This is great advice for everyone, whether you’re expanding a company from two to ten, or you’re an entry-level employee, a CEO, the owner of a start-up, or somewhere in between. A Harvard Business Review article went so far as to claim that Regular Exercise is Part of Your Job because of its mental benefits (improved concentration, sharper memory, faster learning, prolonged mental stamina, enhanced creativity, and lower stress). And exercise is especially important as a job seeker. It will bring structure and energy to your day, which is key to a successful, productive job search. All it takes is a quick Google search to see at least one recruiter’s assertion that exercise is one of the most important parts of the job search. Excusing vs. Exercising Most of us know the advantages of regular exercise: It eases stress, increases work productivity, reduces sick days, boosts confidence, improves sleep, gives you energy, and releases positive, mood-enhancing chemicals into your brain that ward off anxiety and depression. Some of these benefits are outlined in an article from Livestrong.com, How Does Exercise Improve Work Productivity? Who wouldn’t want all those benefits? Yes, we know we could have them, and we want them! But knowing is not doing, and many of us regularly make up excuses rather than take care of our bodies. â€Å"I need to sleep!† â€Å"I have to work.† â€Å"I have to make lunch for the kids.† â€Å"I have a cold.† â€Å"My back hurts.† Or simply, â€Å"I don’t feel like it.† I grew up with a condition that makes me prone to breaking bones, and I was taught that daily exercise was essential to minimizing fractures. Believe it or not, I internalized that advice, and have exercised daily for as long as I can remember. For the past 20 years or so I have done yoga or gone swimming almost every day, with a few phases of walking or working out when injuries prevented me from my go-to activities. But here’s the catch: I wasn’t lifting weights almost ever, or doing much walking or jumping – the impact activities that truly increase bone density. My excuse? â€Å"I’m in shape.† â€Å"I already spend an hour exercising every day.† â€Å"I don’t have time to do everything!† Then, three weeks ago, on an impulse, I started an intensive fitness program that entails weight lifting, ball throwing, tire flipping, jumping in various ways, and other muscle-building, bone-building activities. I have managed to fit in these workouts five days/week, and somehow still to get everything done that I have needed to for my business. I’ve built muscle and lost some extra pounds without changing what I eat. Plus, I have been in a better mood and made more sales than I did in the weeks before I started this program. Coincidence? Probably not. What would inspire you to prioritize exercise, if you’re not doing so already? What motivated me to make this change was that I got a substantial gift certificate for a well-reputed program, and I love a good deal. I was also curious to find out more about my body composition and to see if I could bring it to a more ideal balance. I started the program and liked how I felt in my body so much that I kept going, way more often than I expected. I like the attention and encouragement I get from the trainers, and I look forward to seeing them each day. And my numbers have been going in the right direction, which for me is very motivating. What is it for you? Is there a type of movement you enjoy? Is it walking, running, biking, dancing, swimming, lifting weights? If you’re a social person, would having a workout buddy help? Maybe even a different buddy each day? What about working out as a family activity? Would you show up to a group exercise class (Zumba or Water Zumba anyone?) if you put it on your schedule? If not, what if you paid in advance and would lose your fee if you ditched the class? Maybe the option of multitasking would make the difference for you. If you have work calls to make, can you make them from the treadmill? Maybe you could answer emails while on a stationary bike or elliptical machine. If you love listening to music, exercise time could be your opportunity to get lost in your favorite tunes. Or if there are shows you like to watch, perhaps you could watch them from a home exercise room. Exercising can also be a form of meditation – swimming plays that role for me, and I know others who walk to clear their minds. So if you’re not making time to meditate, at least make time to exercise! Some people will get into gear for a competition. There are lots of opportunities for that, whether it’s a marathon, a charity walk, run or ride, or a friendly competition between friends (in person or using a fitness app). For more ideas, see 29 Ways to Get Motivated to Work Out. I like some of these! Or check out the 25 Best Fitness Apps of 2017 for some technological support on your fitness goals. And please share your experience†¦ Do you notice a difference in your work productivity when you exercise regularly? What’s working for you?

Understanding organisations and leadership Essay

Understanding organisations and leadership - Essay Example This paper aims at discussing the acceptability, functional and structural aspects that make organic organizations preferable over mechanistic organizations. In paper is structured into different sections that analyze formalism, leadership, competitiveness, and organizational environment of the organizations. Organic organizations have a tendency to evolve (Alvesson & Spicer 2011). This is driven by progressive forces and aims at creating sub organizations and individuals fit for new organizational environment. . However, complex organizations are offering alternative management style in which the leadership creates an environment in which stakeholders can participate equally and constructively (Coghlan 2006). The tensions in linear organizations exist (Stringer 2002). The form verses function tension is in existence. However, organic fashion is not perceived to be the absolute solution to the bureaucratic failures of mechanistic organizations. The role played by the organic management concept introduces a strategy that makes maximum use of organizational resources (Stahl et al 2012). Progressive forces are meant to achieve the long-term interests of the organic organizations. This optimizes the long-term gains. The Riggs’s model suggests a relook into formality, centralization and ritual in organizational management. Formalism refers to the extent of congruence between realities and norms (Argyris 2010). It also describes the level of discrepancy between formal prescriptions and effective practices. However, formalism is said to be propagated by inadequate pressure in running program objectives. Formalism perceives social power to be weak when it comes to guiding bureaucratic performance (Morrill 2007). This system of organizational management states that nonlinear organization is a form of arbitrary administration. This concept suggests that changing laws has little or no impact to effective behavioral change in o rganizations (Noe & Noe

Explain what is meant by orientalism. Discuss how this has influenced Essay

Explain what is meant by orientalism. Discuss how this has influenced Western interpretation of cultures past or present - Essay Example Orientalism could also be used to mean a manner of seeing, which distorts and emphasizes differences in cultures between the Arabic people and people, from Europe and the U.S. It entails viewing the Arab culture as uncivilized, exotic, dangerous, and backward (Said 1978, p. 2). Said defined orientalism as â€Å"the west acceptance of the differences between West and East.† He purported that this acceptance serves as the starting point for detailed social descriptions, epics, theories, and political accounts about the Orient, mind, its people, and customs. In a nutshell, orientalism can be described as the image of the ‘Orient’ portrayed as a thought system. As a scholarly discipline, orientalism began in the eighteenth century following the European colonial conquest of countries in the Middle East. Academic disciplines that addressed the orient flourished; this led to the adoption of orientalism in France, England, and other European nations. Orientalism became t he basis of the western exertion of power over the Orient (Near East Cultures). The west viewed the Middle East as an exhausted, stagnant, and defective region, which needed the involvement of Europeans to enhance civilization. This justification happened with an aim to keeping the dreams and ambitions of the western powers alive. Therefore, Oreintalism can be regarded to have originated from the west’s desire to conquer the Near East and exert significant influence (MacKenzie1995, p. 24). Influence of Orientalism on Western Interpretation of Cultures in the Near East Orientalism has had a profound influence on the way Western cultures depict aspects of the cultures from the East. Western writers and designers have always portrayed the East negatively. Further, artists from the west represent the cultures of the East as backward. For example, French artists in the 19th century used orientalism in their description of Eastern cultures (Kennedy 2000, p. 351). These Orientalists used colors, styles, and elements that portrayed Mediterranean countries of the Near East. Westerners have come to adopt eastern styles, motifs, and subject matter in design, architecture, and art. For example, Turquerie as a fashion dominated the western art work from 15th century to 18th century. Therefore, the west has used fashion, and other artistic styles to portray the Near East negatively (Tausch 2006, p. 83). Further, the West depictions of Islamic Moors, especially the Muslim groups of West Asia and North Africa, portray orientalism. For example, in early biblical scenes, Jewish and Roman characters were displayed with exotic costumes. This reflected the culture of clothing such as wearing of turbans in the near East. In addition, the portrayal of oriental carpets in paintings of renaissance depicts the cultures of the Far East (MacKenzie1995, p. 27). As more Western artists travelled to the Middle East, they represented numerous scenes, which entailed aspects of the Orie ntal culture. They depicted the cultures as exotic owing to its differences. The artists had a keen interest on the Islamic cultures of the Near East. For example, French artists Eugene Delacroix and Jean Leon painted pictures, which depicted Islamic culture. These pictures had an impact on western interpretation of the Western Cultures (Tausch 2006, p. 84). In the West, the use of the orient has continued in the Movies, as westerners use

A Heightened Agent Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A Heightened Agent - Coursework Example After having supper, I lit up the cigarette, placed it between my lips, and tried to smoke right beside my mother. Understandably, I choked out because I had never smoked before and my lungs were not used to allowing the in-pour of smoke. My mother snatched the cigarette from me and tore it to pieces. To this day, I regret how upset I had made her. This shows that â€Å"errors in cultural performance committed by post-adolescents are generally seen as more serious and are more likely to arouse direct criticism, punishment, or other sanctions† (Hirschfeld 612). Back then, I perceived my parents, especially my mother as the foundation of our structure. My mother always has rules and principles that everyone must abide by. While many people experience a shift in the structure today, my structure is based on my parents even today. I think it is because of the fact that I have become more responsible, caring, and respectful toward my parents over the passage of time than I was as a child.

Language & Gender Essay Example for Free

Language Gender Essay

Recruitment and Selection Methods in Tesco

Recruitment and Selection Methods in Tesco Introduction: Recruitment and Selection Process is one of the basic HR Processes. Recruitment and Selection is very sensitive as many managers have a need to hire a new employee and this process is always under a strict monitoring from their side. Recruitment and selection are two most important functions of personnel management. Recruitment process can be done in many ways like internal or external, and it involves with many steps of recruitment policies like job advert, job application process, Evaluations, job description and, legislations and training. The primary purpose of recruitment and selection is to achieve ones desire end, appointing the right person to the right job. Recruitment refers to the process of attracting, screening, and selecting qualified people for a job at an organization or firm. Selection refers to Selection is the process of choosing the most suitable candidates from those who apply for the job. It is a process of offering jobs to desired candidates. This report focuses on recruitment and selection of TESCO plc. The main objective of this report is to critically analyse the recruitment and selection method applied in relation to market environment 1.2 Tescos background: Business of the company Tesco sells daily necessary things like food and also non food items. It carries more than 23,000 items ranging from cloths, stationary, groceries, wine, entertainment digital appliances, finance insurance, books, patrol gas, pharmacy, phone broadband. History of the company Tesco was founded by Jack Cohen, who sold groceries in the markets of the London East End from 1919. The Tesco brand first appeared in 1924. After Jack Cohen bought a large shipment of tea from T.E. Stockwell, he made new labels by using the first three letters of the suppliers name and the first two letters of his surname forming the word TESCO. The Global Oneness Commitment (2009) Business growth of Tesco: The two diagrams shows the growth of Tesco in the last five years Performance over last 5 years ÂÂ   2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Sales 37,070 43,137 46,611 51,773 56,563 Sales in o/s stores 7,559 10,480 11,031 13,824 14,994 No. Of stores 2,365 2,711 3,263 3,989 4811 No. Of o/s stores 586 814 1,275 1,614 2,013 Floor space 51,771 58,720 68,189 75,959 83,459 Floor space-O/S stores 27,580 32,817 40,404 46,410 52,470 Growth rate of the performance ÂÂ   2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Sales 10.47% 16.37% 8.05% 11.07% 12.57% Sales in o/s stores 13.14% 38.64% 5.26% 25.32% 18.42% No. Of stores 2.03% 14.63% 20.36% 14.28% 16.38% No. Of o/s stores 32.88% 38.91% 56.63% 26.59% 36.59% Floor space 14.03% 13.42% 16.13% 11.39% 11.59% Floor space-O/S stores 24.73% 18.99% 23.12% 14.86% 21.66% Source: Tescos Annual report and financial statement 2008 The business locations of the of Tesco Tesco operates in 14 different markets/countries through 4,811 stores all around the world with 468,508 staff work there. In the UK it has 2,282 stores and 286,394stuff work there. The details of UK stores are as follows: Table 1 Tescos store size in UK. UK Extra (average size 71,310 sq feet) 190 (Regular) Tesco (average size 29,984 sq feet) 10 Metro (average size 11,638 sq feet) 181 Express(average size 2,211 sq feet) 1130 Home Plus (average size 40,800 sq feet) 13 One Stop (average size 1,357 sq feet) 513 Table 2: Tescos stores outside the UK are as follows: Country Stores 2 USA 115 3 Czech Republic 113 4 France 1 5 China 79 6 Hungary 7 Japan 144 8 Malaysia 36 9 Poland 319 10 Republic of Ireland 116 11 Slovakia 70 12 South Korea 347 13 Thailand 609 14 Turkey 99 1.3 Objectives 1. To critically evaluate the current recruitment and selection approaches of Tesco plc. 2. To critically examine an alternative recruitment route that other companies are applying. 3. To draw conclusions about the room for improvement in Tesco recruitment and selection approach. 2. Literature review: Recruitment can be defined as a set of activities and practices used for the primary purpose of legally identifying sufficient numbers and quality of people fitting for a given purpose. It is carried out to provide an organisation with a pool of qualified potential individuals from which judicious selection for the most appropriate applicants can be made for filling vacancies in the organisation. A review of the HRM literature indicates that recruitment and selection are regarded as integrated activities and where recruitment stops and selection begins is a questionable point (Beardwell et al., 2004). Nevertheless, for the purpose of this work it is useful to differentiate between the two activities. As defined above, numerous authors (Whitehill, 1991: Roberts, 2008; McCormack and Scholarios, 2009) describe recruitment as a process of building a pool of potentially qualified applicants. Whereas selection is seen as a set of activities concerned with predicting which applicants will make the most appropriate contribution to the organisation in view of the present and future human resource requirements (Beardwell et al., 2004: McCormack and Scholarios, 2009). The recruitment and selection process refers some critical points. These are its very sensible process to change the internal organization of the company and to change on the external job market The recruitment and selection process meet with the some criteria, these are Process should be easy to realize the target people and audience of the recruitment and selection process. This process is not for the HRM organizations staff/employee, This process created only for the organization/companys manager, Manager are the main client for the recruitment and selection process. Despite recruitment and selection being considered as integrated activities unfortunately human resources literature discussions tend to neglect recruitment and place greater emphasis on selection. In view of this (McCormack and Scholarios, 2009) comment that the more effective an organisation is at identifying and attracting a high quality profile of job applicants, the less important the selection stage of hiring becomes. Therefore it can be suggested that an effective and agile recruitment strategy is the most fundamental human resource function and if managed well can have a significant impact on organisational performance and is critical to developing a more agile competitive edge (Pilbeam and Corbridge, 2006: Evans et al, 2007). As the contemporary business environment become increasingly competitive and labour markets continue to grow more diverse, organisations need to be more proactive in their resourcing strategies. Evans et al., (2007) and Richardson, (2008) argue that ineffective recruitment approaches can result in long-term negative effects, among them high training and development costs in efforts to minimise the incidence of poor performance and high turnover which in turn, impact on staff morale, the provision of high quality goods and services and the retention of organisational memory. Richardson, (2008) goes further to argue that at worst, the organisation can fail to achieve its objectives thereby losing its competitive edge and market share. However, it is important to consider that the process of implementing an effective and successful recruitment approach could bring along with it other costs related to the perceptions and attitudes of the people involved in this change. 3.1 Research methodology: 3.1.1. Sources of Information Primary Data: The primary data was collected by questionnaire survey. I prepared a questionnaire and asked the related person to fill it up. Secondary Data: I did browse the companys website to gather information. I also used the internet service to send the questionnaire. This report is the result of the collaboration of the members in the group and both primary and secondary information have been used. 3.1.2. Research Approach The face to face survey of the HR Department of Tesco, Sainsbury etc helped me to collect the data. This survey research approach has helped me to get a better understanding of their situation and problems. A questionnaire was prepared with questions that helped on providing information about their selection and recruitment process. 3.1.3. Research Instrument 3.1.3.1. Questionnaire I prepared a questionnaire with set of 8-10 questions related to the topic and asked the HR Mangers and employees of Tesco Sainsbury etc. Close End and open end: The questionnaire contains the MCQ type questions and also there were some options to write freely. I also used the checklist method of questionnaire (Yes/No). 3.1.3.2. Mechanical Tools Instrument like paper and pen were used for the questionnaire and for noting down notes. Computer, pen-drive, and printer were used for typing and printing the report. Analysis and evaluation: Primary analysis: I have done my primary analysis on 50 Tesco employees using a survey questionnaire (see appendix). From my primary analysis i have found out 60% of the employees think internet and job centre are the medium of advertisement.30 % think internet and store advertisement are the best way of job advertisement. Only 10 % think newspaper and job centre are the most popular medium of advertisement. 80% of the employees are happy about Tesco recruitment and selection process. But 40% of the employees think Sainsburys recruitment and selection process are better than Tescos to some extent. Many of the employees opinion was Sainsburys uses smarter recruitment and selection process than to Tesco. Namely their situation based test, using of video to identify skills and the mathematical test for identify numeric skills. From the survey I have also found out most of the employees think Tesco should make applications form available both online and offline. Those who have access to the internet can apply online and for those who do not, can collect a form from Tescos customer services, complete it and send it off by post or hand it in personally to customer services. This in turn could be given to the department which consists of this job and then be examined. Also Tesco should place more interviewers so that more applicants can be interviewed and so shortlisted applicants can be dealt with in a shorter period of time. Tesco should assess applicants during the interview as it would save time as both can be dealt with straight away/ at the same time. Secondary analysis: I have done my secondary research by reading through books, websites, magazines and newspaper. The findings are discussed below. Recruitment involves attracting the right standard of applicants to apply for vacancies. Tesco advertises jobs in different ways. The process varies depending on the job available. Tesco first looks at its internal Talent Plan to fill a vacancy. This is a process that lists current employees looking for a move, either at the same level or on promotion. If there are no suitable people in this Talent Plan or developing on the internal management development programme, Options, Tesco advertises the post internally on its intranet for two weeks. For external recruitment, Tesco advertises vacancies via the Tesco website www.tesco-careers.com or through vacancy boards in stores. Applications are made online for managerial positions. The chosen applicants have an interview followed by attendance at an assessment centre for the final stage of the selection process. Selection involves choosing the most suitable people from those that apply for a vacancy, whilst keeping to employment laws and regulations. Screening candidates is a very important part of the selection process. This ensures that those selected for interview have the best fit with the job requirements. In the first stages of screening, Tesco selectors will look carefully at each applicants curriculum vitae (CV). The CV summarises the candidates education and job history to date. A well-written and positive CV helps Tesco to assess whether an applicant matches the person specification for the job. The company also provides a job type match tool on its careers web page. People interested in working for Tesco can see where they might fit in before applying. The process Tesco uses to select external management candidates has several stages. A candidate who passes screening attends an assessment centre. The assessment centres take place in store and are run by managers. They help to provide consistency in the selection process. Applicants are given various exercises, including team-working activities or problemsolving exercises. These involve examples of problems they might have to deal with at work. On the other hand, Sainsbury has a bit different recruitment and selection process. After succeeding on online test Sainsbury takes first interview. Here HR manager call the candidates into a room individually to answer a few questions. These are just to make sure that whether the candidates have their passport, are the correct age for the job (as stipulated when they applied) and are being interviewed for the job they actually applied for apparently HR have a habit of messing that bit up. After this, all the interviewees will be sat in a room for the second recruitment test. The second test is split into four sections and given using a video. It usually takes around one hour to complete, and is quite simple. The first sectionÂÂ  is on customer service and is very similar to the other test that the candidates sat online. Again, they are given a situation that is in video format and are asked to identify the best and worst responses out of a selection of four. The second sectio nÂÂ  is on attention to detail. Candidates will be shown video clips, and will be asked to identify two things wrong with these video clips. The third sectionÂÂ  is on mathematics. The final sectionÂÂ  is all about candidates. It is the only part of the test not done by video, and comprises a series of statements with which candidates have to agree or disagree. Finally, 2nd interview comes up where candidates have to sit for face to face interview. Finally I can say that from the research it is clear that in some of cases Sainsbury has better system in recruitment and selection process. Tesco need to apply those systems in compare to other relative supermarket. If they put proper recruitment and selection technique then it will be easier than before. They can apply some techniques like video clips, mathematical terms etc. It will help Tesco to improve their recruitment process. Conclusion: Tesco PLC has an effective Recruitment and Selection however there are advantages and disadvantages which need to be considered. Advertising jobs online has its advantages as its cheaper than having it printed in newspapers for example and can be changed if required. However there are a few disadvantages. Some people may not have access to the Internet making it difficult to view the advertisement for the particular job. Some may have problems in using the Internet or not know how to use it and some may not have a computer in which case they would not even be able to access the Internet.. Tesco should make sure they know what is required of the job before shortlisting is taken place as applicant who may have the requirements may not be part of the applicants who are shortlisted or the opposite. Tesco should place more interviewers so that more applicants can be interviewed and so shortlisted applicants can be dealt with in a shorter period of time. Tesco should assess applicants duri ng the interview as it would save time as both can be dealt with straight away/ at the same time. Thus meaning Tesco should carry. References and bibliography: 1.Richardson, A. M, (2009) Recruitment Strategies: Managing/effecting the recruitment process [Online] available from http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/UN/UNPAN021814.pdf [Accessed 4-0ct- 2010] 2. McCormack, A. and Scholarios, D. (2009) Recruitment, chapter 3 in Redman, T and Wilkinson, A, (2009) Contemporary Human Resource Management 3rd Edition, London: Financial Times Prentice Hall 3. UCL, (2008) Human resources-Recruitment and selection policy [Online] Available from http://www.ucl.ac.uk/hr/docs/recruitment.php [Accessed 22 Oct- 2010] 4. Pilbeam, S. and M. Corbridge (2006) People Resourcing. Contemporary HRM in Practice, London: Prentice Hall. Volume 17(4), pp.567-582. 5. TESCO-CARRERS, (2009)The application process-Tesco careers [Online] available from : http://www.tesco-careers.com/home/recruitment [Accessed 25-Oct- 2010] 6. SAINSBURYS, (2010) Careers at Sainsbury.[Online] available from http://www2.sainsburys.co.uk/aboutus/recruitment/careers_new.htm[Accessed 25-Oct- 2010]. 7. COURSEWORK, (2010) Tesco PLC has an effective Recruitment and Selection however the are advantages and disadvantages which need to be considered. .[Online] available from http://www.coursework.info/AS_and_A_Level/Media_Studies/Internet/Tesco_PLC_has_an_effective_Recruitment_a_L126195.html[Accessed 30-Oct- 2010] 8. Iles, P.A. and Robertson, I.T. (1997), The impact of personnel selection procedures on candidates, in Anderson, N. and Herriot, P. (Eds), International Handbook of Selection and Assessment, Wiley, Chichester, pp. 543-66 9. Anderson, N., Born, M. and Cunningham-Snell, N. (2001a), Recruitment and selection: applicant perspectives and outcomes, in Anderson, N., Ones, D., Sinangil, H.K. and Viswesvaran, C. (Eds), Handbook of Industrial, Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 1, Sage, London and New York, NY, pp. 200-18 10. Beardwell, I. Holden,L. and Claydon (2004) Human resource management; A contemporary approach. 4th Edition. Harlow: Pearson Education 11. Gililand,S.W.(1993) The perceived fairness of selection system: an organisational justice perspective, Academy of management review, 18: 694-734.